Hypophosphatemic Vitamin D Resistant Rickets

Hypophosphatemic Vitamin D Resistant Rickets

Hypophosphatemic rickets is a disorder characterized by hypophosphatemia, defective intestinal absorption of calcium, and rickets or osteomalacia unresponsive to vitamin D. It is usually hereditary. Symptoms are bone pain, fractures, and growth abnormalities. Diagnosis is by serum phosphate, alkaline phosphatase, and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 levels. Treatment is oral phosphate plus calcitriol; burosumab is given for X-linked hypophosphatemia.

Sporadic acquired cases sometimes are caused by benign mesenchymal tumors that produce a humoral factor that decreases proximal renal tubular resorption of phosphate (tumor-induced osteomalacia).

• 1. Bitzan M, Goodyer PR: Hypophosphatemic rickets. Pediatr Clin N Am 66(1):179–207, 2019. doi: 10.1016/j.pcl.2018.09.004

Symptoms and Signs of Hypophosphatemic Rickets

The disease manifests as a spectrum of abnormalities, from hypophosphatemia alone to growth retardation and short stature to severe rickets or osteomalacia. Children usually present after they begin walking, with bowing of the legs and other bone deformities, pseudofractures (ie, x-ray findings in osteomalacia that may represent areas of prior stress fractures that have been replaced by inadequately mineralized osteoid vs areas of bony erosions), bone pain, and short stature. Bony outgrowth at muscle attachments may limit motion.

Rickets of the spine or pelvis, dental enamel defects, and tetany that occur in dietary vitamin D deficiency are rarely present in hypophosphatemic rickets.

Patients with HHRH may present with nephrolithiasis and/or nephrocalcinosis.

• Serum levels of calcium, phosphate, alkaline phosphatase, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, PTH, FGF-23, and creatinine

• Urinary phosphate and creatinine levels (for calculation of the tubular reabsorption of phosphate)

• Bone x-rays

Serum phosphate levels are depressed, but urinary phosphate excretion is large. Serum calcium and PTH are normal, and alkaline phosphatase often is elevated. Hypophosphatemia-induced stimulation of calcitriol production does not occur. Typically, calcidiol levels are normal, whereas calcitriol levels are normal to low. In calcipenic rickets, hypocalcemia is present, hypophosphatemia is mild or absent, and urinary phosphate is not elevated.

• Oral phosphate and calcitriol

• Burosumab for X-linked hypophosphatemia

Treatment of hypophosphatemic rickets consists of neutral phosphate solution or tablets. Starting dose in children is 10 mg/kg (based on elemental phosphorus) 4 times a day. Phosphate supplementation lowers ionized calcium concentrations and further inhibits calcitriol conversion, leading to secondary hyperparathyroidism and exacerbating urinary phosphate wasting. Therefore, oral vitamin D is given as calcitriol, initially 5 to 10 ng/kg 2 times a day. This, however, is not the case with HHRH or HHN (hypophosphatemia, hypercalcemia, and nephrocalcinosis), where 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 levels are elevated and dosing with calcitriol can be detrimental.

Phosphate dose may need to be increased to achieve bone growth or relieve bone pain. Diarrhea may limit oral phosphate dosage. Increase in plasma phosphate and decrease in alkaline phosphatase concentrations, healing of rickets, and improvement of growth rate occur. Hypercalcemia, hypercalciuria, and nephrocalcinosis with reduced renal function may complicate treatment. Patients undergoing treatment need frequent follow-up evaluations.

Adults with oncogenic rickets may dramatically improve once the mesenchymal tumor that causes the disorder is removed. Otherwise, oncogenic rickets is treated with calcitriol 5 to 10 ng/kg orally 2 times a day and elemental phosphorus 250 mg to 1 g orally 3 or 4 times a day.

• 1. Imel EA, Glorieux FH, Whyte MP, et al: Burosumab versus conventional therapy in children with X-linked hypophosphataemia: A randomised, active-controlled, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet 393(10189):2416–2427, 2019. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(19)30654-3. Clarification and additional information. Lancet 394(10193):120, 2019. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(19)31426-6

• Decreased renal resorption of phosphate results in renal phosphate wasting and hypophosphatemia.

• There is deficient bone mineralization due to low phosphate levels and osteoblast dysfunction.

• Children have growth retardation, bone pain and deformities (eg, leg bowing), and short stature.

• Patients with hypophosphatemic rickets with hypercalciuria (HHRH) may present with nephrolithiasis and/or nephrocalcinosis.

• Diagnose by finding low serum phosphate levels, elevated urinary phosphate, and normal serum calcium and parathyroid hormone.

• Treat with oral phosphate supplements and, except for HHRH, vitamin D (given as calcitriol).

• Use burosumab for X-linked hypophosphatemia.

The following is an English-language resource that may be useful. Please note that THE MANUAL is not responsible for the content of this resource.

Hypophosphatemic Vitamin D Resistant Rickets

Source: https://www.msdmanuals.com/en-gb/professional/pediatrics/congenital-renal-transport-abnormalities/hypophosphatemic-rickets

Share: